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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis
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The T Cell in Myeloma.

Douglas Joshua1, Hayley Suen1, Ross Brown1

  • 1Institute of Haematology, NSW Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia
|September 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The immune system actively controls myeloma, but tumor interactions suppress cytotoxic T cells. Despite T cell dysfunction against cancer, residual T cells protect myeloma patients from infections.

Keywords:
Clonal T-cell expansionsImmunosenescenceMultiple myelomaTreg/Th17 ratioTrogocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • The immune system's role in controlling myeloma has long been suspected.
  • Clinical states like monoclonal gammopathy suggest host-tumor interactions.
  • Cytotoxic T cells are crucial for eliminating malignant cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine T cell abnormalities in myeloma.
  • To understand the host-tumor interaction in myeloma.
  • To explain why myeloma patients don't exhibit generalized T cell immunodeficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of T cell function and abnormalities in myeloma.
  • Analysis of host-tumor cross-talk mechanisms.
  • Examination of dendritic cell function and bone marrow microenvironment impact.

Main Results:

  • Myeloma involves T cell clonal expansions, immunosenescence, and altered regulatory T cell/T helper 17 cell ratios.
  • Trogocytosis leads to acquired regulatory T cells, impairing anti-tumor responses.
  • Dendritic cell dysfunction in the bone marrow microenvironment hinders antigen presentation.

Conclusions:

  • Cytotoxic T cells are dysfunctional against myeloma cells due to tumor-host interactions.
  • Residual T cells remain functional against pathogens, preventing infections.
  • The 3 E's (elimination, equilibrium, escape) model reflects myeloma's immune landscape and clinical progression.