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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

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Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
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Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Assessment of Visual Acuity in Central Vision Loss Through Motion-Based Peripheral Vision Testing
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Ongoing Slow Fluctuations in V1 Impact on Visual Perception.

Afra M Wohlschläger1, Sarah Glim1, Junming Shao2

  • 1Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMartinsried, Germany.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|September 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ongoing brain activity in the visual cortex (V1) influences conscious visual perception. Higher V1 blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal magnitudes and specific phase patterns before stimulation correlate with conscious awareness.

Keywords:
backward maskingongoing BOLD signalpre-stimulus activityslow fluctuationsvisual consciousness

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Functional Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Ongoing brain activity exhibits intrinsic network fluctuations, measurable via blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals.
  • The precise mechanisms linking these intrinsic BOLD fluctuations to conscious perception remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ongoing BOLD activity in intrinsic occipital networks on conscious visual perception.
  • To determine if and how these fluctuations modulate visual awareness.

Main Methods:

  • Used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure BOLD signal fluctuations in visual areas V1 and V2.
  • Presented backwardly masked visual targets and compared BOLD signal characteristics between consciously perceived and non-perceived trials.
  • Utilized ipsi-lateral BOLD fluctuations as proxies for contra-lateral activity within bilateral networks.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher ipsi-lateral V1 BOLD signal magnitudes were observed during conscious perception.
  • A distinct pre-target phase in V1 intrinsic fluctuations was associated with conscious visual awareness, suggesting a role before stimulus onset.
  • These effects were specific to V1 and not observed in V2.

Conclusions:

  • Ongoing BOLD activity in V1 plays a crucial role in modulating visual consciousness.
  • Localized processes within intrinsic networks, particularly in V1, influence the readiness for conscious visual perception.
  • These findings highlight the importance of pre-stimulus neural states for conscious awareness.