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Related Concept Videos

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

7.7K
Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

7.2K
The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

10.8K
Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Copper trafficking to the secretory pathway.

Svetlana Lutsenko1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lutsenko@jhmi.edu.

Metallomics : Integrated Biometal Science
|September 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Copper (Cu) is vital for human growth, cellular respiration, and antioxidant defense. This review details how copper enters the secretory pathway, highlighting proteins that manage its transport and the remaining knowledge gaps in cellular copper homeostasis.

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Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Copper (Cu) is essential for human growth and development.
  • It plays a critical role in fundamental processes like respiration and antioxidant defense.
  • Copper is indispensable for the catalytic activity of numerous enzymes, impacting cellular and tissue function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the mechanisms of copper transfer to the secretory pathway.
  • To discuss emerging concepts and identify gaps in the understanding of cellular copper homeostasis.
  • To elucidate the complex journey of copper within human cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent data on copper transport mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on proteins involved in copper entry, distribution, and export.
  • Analysis of the role of copper in various physiological processes, including pigmentation, connective tissue formation, and neuroendocrine signaling.

Main Results:

  • Identified proteins that mediate copper's journey across cellular membranes and through the cytosol.
  • Highlighted the necessity of copper for processes occurring within the trans-Golgi network and vesicular compartments.
  • Emphasized that the current model of cellular copper homeostasis requires further elaboration.

Conclusions:

  • Copper's intricate pathway to the secretory pathway involves multiple protein-assisted steps.
  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding copper transport, yet substantial knowledge gaps remain.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complexities of cellular copper homeostasis.