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Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs
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Visualising phase change in a brushite-based calcium phosphate ceramic.

A Bannerman1, R L Williams1, S C Cox1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.

Scientific Reports
|September 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brushite bone cement resorption is unpredictable due to phase changes. Confocal Raman microscopy revealed serum prevents harmful transformations, unlike non-serum media which accelerate degradation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • Brushite-based bone cements exhibit unpredictable resorption rates.
  • Phase transformation, particularly to hydroxyapatite, significantly impacts cement degradation.
  • Current analytical methods lack spatial resolution for phase transformation analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of different aging media on brushite cement phase transformation.
  • To evaluate the utility of confocal Raman microscopy in spatially mapping phase changes.
  • To understand how serum influences the resorption and phase stability of brushite cements.

Main Methods:

  • Brushite cement cylinders were aged in various media: Phosphate Buffered Saline, Foetal Bovine Serum, and Dulbecco's - Minimum Essential Medium (with and without serum).
  • Confocal Raman microscopy was employed to map the phase composition of aged cement cross-sections.
  • Quantitative analysis of phase distribution and transformation over time was performed.

Main Results:

  • Aging medium critically influenced phase composition and spatial distribution within the cement structure.
  • In non-serum media, brushite dissolution occurred with peripheral octacalcium phosphate (OCP) deposition, slowing resorption.
  • Serum, even at low concentrations (10vol%), effectively inhibited phase transformation and material degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Confocal Raman microscopy is a valuable tool for monitoring spatial phase changes in biocements.
  • Non-serum containing media can lead to misleading assessments of brushite cement degradation.
  • Serum-containing media are crucial for accurate evaluation of brushite cement stability and resorption behavior.