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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position
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Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

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Physeal fractures about the knee.

Rhianna M Little1, Matthew D Milewski2

  • 1Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06040, USA.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|September 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric physeal fractures, especially around the knee, require careful management due to unique anatomy. Achieving anatomic fixation is crucial to prevent long-term complications like growth disturbance.

Keywords:
Distal femoral epiphysisPediatric fracturePediatric traumaPhyseal fractureProximal tibial epiphysisTibial tubercle avulsion

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Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Sports medicine

Background:

  • Physeal fractures are unique to the pediatric population and require special consideration.
  • Fractures around the knee are increasing due to youth sports participation.
  • Understanding pediatric knee anatomy is critical for diagnosis and management.

Approach:

  • Diagnosis typically involves plain radiographs, with advanced imaging for preoperative planning.
  • Fracture pattern and displacement guide the need for surgical intervention.
  • Management strategies vary for different physeal fracture types, such as tibial spine vs. tubercle.

Key Points:

  • Anatomic reduction and rigid fixation are paramount for optimal outcomes.
  • Restoring physeal and articular anatomy prevents growth disturbances and degenerative joint disease.
  • Specialized considerations are necessary for pediatric physeal fractures compared to adult fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pediatric physeal knee fractures relies on a thorough understanding of anatomy and fracture patterns.
  • Achieving anatomic, rigid fixation is essential to minimize long-term complications in the growing skeleton.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis coupled with appropriate surgical intervention leads to better patient outcomes.