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Composition of Blood01:22

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Blood is specialized connective tissue comprising about 8% of the body mass. It has a thick, liquid extracellular matrix that contains cells, dissolved proteins, and electrolytes, making it five times more viscous than water. Blood is warm, around 38°C, and has an alkaline pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.
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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Rapid Fractionation and Isolation of Whole Blood Components in Samples Obtained from a Community-based Setting
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Whole blood: back to the future.

Philip C Spinella1, Andrew P Cap

  • 1aDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri bU.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-FT Sam Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

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Summary

Whole blood transfusions show improved survival for patients with life-threatening bleeding compared to blood components. Increased availability of whole blood, despite misconceptions, offers logistical benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Transfusion Medicine
  • Hemorrhagic Shock Management
  • Blood Component Therapy

Background:

  • Whole blood transfusion is increasingly recognized for its potential benefits in managing life-threatening bleeding.
  • Current practices often favor blood component therapy, limiting whole blood availability in civilian settings.
  • Misconceptions regarding storage, ABO compatibility, and platelet function have historically hindered whole blood use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare whole blood with blood components for patients experiencing life-threatening bleeding.
  • To summarize data supporting the increased availability and use of whole blood.
  • To address barriers limiting whole blood transfusion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data and randomized controlled trials on whole blood versus component therapy.
  • Analysis of hemostatic function of platelet-containing blood products under different storage conditions.
  • Evaluation of logistical advantages of whole blood-based resuscitation.

Main Results:

  • Whole blood transfusion is associated with improved or comparable survival rates versus component therapy.
  • Platelet-containing blood products stored at 4°C demonstrate superior hemostatic function compared to those stored at 22°C.
  • Low titer Group O whole blood stored up to 21 days at 4°C warrants further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing misconceptions about whole blood storage and compatibility can improve its availability.
  • Whole blood offers logistical advantages in managing hemorrhagic shock.
  • Further research is needed to compare the efficacy and safety of low titer Group O whole blood with current resuscitation strategies.