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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Ion Exchange01:17

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview01:27

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Controlled current coulometry, also known as amperostatic coulometry, is a technique used in electrochemical analysis to measure the quantity of a substance through the controlled passage of current. It involves the application of a constant current to an electrochemical cell containing the analyte of interest. As the current flows through the cell, the analyte undergoes a redox reaction at the electrode surface, resulting in a charge transfer. By monitoring the time required for a certain...
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MOS Capacitor01:25

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A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
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Fluoride Removal from Brackish Groundwaters by Constant Current Capacitive Deionization (CDI).

Wangwang Tang1, Peter Kovalsky1, Baichuan Cao2

  • 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.

Environmental Science & Technology
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Constant current capacitive deionization (CC CDI) offers stable fluoride removal from brackish water. This study demonstrates its effectiveness and provides a model for optimizing water treatment systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology for water desalination.
  • Constant voltage (CV) charging in CDI leads to fluctuating effluent ion concentrations.
  • Constant current (CC) charging offers advantages like stable effluent ion concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of single-pass constant-current (SPCC) CDI for fluoride removal from brackish groundwater.
  • To develop a model for selective electrosorption of fluoride and chloride ions.
  • To analyze the impact of operational and design parameters on fluoride removal efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of SPCC CDI in zero-volt and reverse-current desorption modes.
  • Development and validation of a theoretical model for ion electrosorption.
  • Systematic variation of operating parameters: adsorption/desorption current, flow rate, and feed concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Chloride ions are preferentially removed over fluoride ions during the charging phase.
  • Experimental and theoretical results show the influence of operating parameters on effluent fluoride concentration, adsorption rate, and water recovery.
  • The validated model accurately describes experimental outcomes and predicts the impact of system design and operating conditions.

Conclusions:

  • SPCC CDI is a feasible method for removing fluoride from brackish groundwater.
  • The developed model provides valuable insights for optimizing CDI systems for targeted water quality.
  • The study outlines a potential CDI assembly capable of meeting fluoride water quality standards.