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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Stem Cell Niche01:26

Stem Cell Niche

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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration in Response to Ionizing Irradiation
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Current understanding concerning intestinal stem cells.

Shuang Cui1, Peng-Yu Chang1

  • 1Shuang Cui, Peng-Yu Chang, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|September 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian intestinal epithelium has active and reserve stem cells that maintain homeostasis and regenerate tissue. Understanding these intestinal stem cells is key for treating diseases like colorectal cancer and colitis.

Keywords:
Cell developmentColorectal cancerIntestinal stem cell

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian intestinal epithelium harbors two stem cell populations: active and reserve.
  • Active stem cells maintain homeostasis, while reserve stem cells facilitate regeneration after injury.
  • These stem cell pools interconvert to maintain balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biological characteristics of intestinal stem cells.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of stem cells for gastrointestinal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of signaling pathways controlling active stem cell development (Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, Notch, BMP/Smad).
  • Analysis of gene mutations (APC, Kras, Smad4) linked to gut malformations.
  • Examination of preclinical data on colon stem cell therapy for experimental colitis.

Main Results:

  • Active intestinal stem cell development is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, Notch, and BMP/Smad pathways.
  • Mutations in key genes (APC, Kras, Smad4) correlate with gut malformations.
  • Preclinical studies show therapeutic effects of colon stem cells in murine colitis models.

Conclusions:

  • Clarifying intestinal stem cell biology aids in preventing and treating diseases like colorectal cancer.
  • Stem cell-based regenerative treatments show promise for gastrointestinal ulcerous lesions.