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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

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Cellular Metabolism and Induced Pluripotency.

Jun Wu1, Alejandro Ocampo2, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte2

  • 1Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain.

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Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer insights into cell plasticity and disease modeling. Reprogramming to pluripotency involves metabolic pathway rewiring, altering cell identities.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a significant advancement in biomedical research.
  • The generation of iPSCs, alongside somatic cell nuclear transfer, highlights the plasticity of differentiated cells.
  • iPSCs provide a novel method for disease modeling utilizing patient-derived samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the landmark discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • To discuss the implications of iPSC generation in understanding cell plasticity and disease modeling.
  • To explore the metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with cellular reprogramming to pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of iPSC generation techniques.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling during reprogramming.
  • Investigation of metabolic pathway alterations in pluripotent cells.

Main Results:

  • iPSC technology demonstrates remarkable cell plasticity.
  • Disease modeling using patient-specific iPSCs is now feasible.
  • Cellular reprogramming involves significant metabolic pathway rewiring.
  • Metabolic changes accompany the shift in cell identity during reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of iPSCs is a pivotal moment in biomedical research.
  • iPSCs offer powerful tools for disease modeling and understanding cell identity.
  • Metabolic pathway rewiring is a critical component of cellular reprogramming to pluripotency.