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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
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Crystallization of Self-Propelled Hard Discs.

G Briand1, O Dauchot1

  • 1EC2M, UMR Gulliver 7083 CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Vibrated discs with polar asymmetry form a dynamic "self-melting" crystal, unlike isotropic discs. This active crystal exhibits intermittent cluster formation and melting, persisting to high densities.

Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Active Matter Systems
  • Crystallization Dynamics

Background:

  • Vibrated granular systems serve as models for phase transitions.
  • Isotropic discs exhibit quasicontinuous crystallization with increasing packing fraction.
  • Active matter introduces self-propulsion, altering equilibrium dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the crystallization of vibrated discs with polar asymmetry.
  • To contrast the crystallization behavior of active discs with passive isotropic discs.
  • To characterize the dynamics and phase transitions in this active liquid-crystal model.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of a 2D monolayer of vibrated discs with built-in polar asymmetry.
  • Systematic variation of packing fraction (ϕ) to observe phase transitions.

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  • Analysis of cluster formation, dynamics, and size distribution.

    • Main Results:

    • Polar asymmetric discs transition to a 'self-melting' crystal, differing from isotropic disc crystallization.
    • Highly intermittent and heterogeneous dynamics observed, with spontaneous cluster formation, melting, splitting, and merging.
    • Cluster size distribution transitions from monotonic to non-monotonic at a critical packing fraction (ϕ*), exhibiting power-law behavior at the transition.

    Conclusions:

    • The 'self-melting' crystalline state in active discs is characterized by dynamic clusters and liquid-like droplet propagation.
    • This active crystal remains dynamically active, never reaching a fully arrested state.
    • The stability of the crystal phase for active discs is questioned, suggesting stability only at ordered close packing.