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Quality of Water01:19

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Concrete's susceptibility to water absorption is due to the capillary action within the pores of its hydrated cement paste. This action draws water in, creating the need for waterproofing admixtures to prevent such penetration. The efficacy of these admixtures is contingent upon the water pressure, with variations arising from different conditions such as rain, capillary rise, or hydrostatic pressure in structures intended to hold water.
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Deep challenges for China's war on water pollution.

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China faces a severe groundwater pollution crisis, with nitrate levels exceeding safe limits in many shallow and deep aquifers. Urgent well maintenance is needed to protect these vital drinking water sources from contamination.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Water Quality Assessment

Background:

  • China's government aims to combat water pollution, but data scarcity, especially for groundwater, hinders progress.
  • Groundwater contamination poses a significant threat to drinking water supplies and ecosystem health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the scale and sources of nitrate contamination in China's groundwater systems.
  • To provide a comprehensive national-scale evaluation of groundwater quality.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled and analyzed publicly available water quality classification data.
  • Collected and analyzed nitrate data from literature for 52 groundwater systems.
  • Examined isotopic compositions (δ15N and δ18O) of groundwater nitrate.

Main Results:

  • Nitrate levels exceed the US EPA limit in 25/36 shallow and 10/37 deep aquifers at the 90th percentile.
  • Isotopic data indicate diverse nitrate sources, including agriculture, wastewater, and soil nitrogen.
  • Contaminated groundwater is widespread in both shallow and deep aquifers, with deep aquifer pollution likely due to well leakage.

Conclusions:

  • Deep aquifer contamination is a critical issue, potentially linked to well integrity.
  • Protecting deep aquifers, crucial drinking water sources, requires immediate attention to well infrastructure.
  • Addressing China's groundwater pollution, particularly in deep aquifers, necessitates long-term, sustained remediation efforts.