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Biomarkers of Airway Type-2 Inflammation and Integrating Complex Phenotypes to Endotypes in Asthma
Michael C Peters1,2,3, Michelle-Linh T Nguyen4, Eleanor M Dunican5,6,7
1The Airway Clinical Research Center, University of California, Box 0130, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. Michael.peters@ucsf.edu.
Purpose Of Review:
Over the past decade, the most important advance in the field of asthma has been the widespread recognition that asthma is a heterogeneous disease driven by multiple molecular processes.
Recent Findings:
The most well-established molecular mechanism in asthma is increased airway type-2 inflammation, and consequently, non-invasive biomarkers of increased airway type-2 inflammation, such as blood eosinophil counts or blood periostin levels, have proven important in stratifying asthma patients in clinical trials of type-2 cytokine inhibitors. However, it remains ambiguous how well these non-invasive biomarkers represent airway measures of type-2 inflammation in asthma. As a result, the utility of these biomarkers to assist with asthma management or as research tools to better understand asthma pathogenesis remains unclear. This article reviews primary data assessing biomarkers of airway type-2 inflammation in asthma and describes how the use of biomarkers can advance a precision medicine approach to asthma treatment.
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Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
Asthma-I: Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology
Chronic Inflammation
Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications
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Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:

