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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
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[Auricular malformations].

F Firmin1, A Marchac2

  • 134, avenue d'Eylau, 75116 Paris, France.

Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique
|September 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reconstructing complex ear malformations, including microtia, demands detailed analysis and precise cartilage carving. This chapter reviews 30 years of surgical techniques for auricular reconstruction.

Keywords:
CornetCup earEarGoldenharMicrotiaMicrotieOreilleOtoplastieOtoplastyStahlTeacher-Collins

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Congenital Malformations

Background:

  • Auricular reconstruction is a complex surgical challenge.
  • Mastery requires detailed analysis of anomalies and skin.
  • Carving costal cartilage into 3D structures is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review 30 years of experience in auricular reconstruction.
  • To analyze techniques for various complex ear malformations.
  • To cover cases from minor anomalies to microtia.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 2500 cases.
  • Focus on surgical reconstruction techniques.
  • Exclusion of aesthetic variants like prominent ears.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive review of 30 years of auricular reconstruction data.
  • Experience encompasses a wide spectrum of ear deformities.
  • Techniques refined for complex cases and microtia.

Conclusions:

  • Auricular reconstruction is a long-term surgical skill.
  • Plastic surgeons require specific ear surgery knowledge.
  • The chapter provides insights into managing diverse auricular malformations.