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Interoceptive cues predicting exteroceptive events.

Jonas Zaman1, Steven De Peuter1, Ilse Van Diest1

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Interoceptive conditioning research typically focuses on internal-internal or external-internal associations.
  • Limited research exists on whether internal sensations can form associations with external events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if interoceptive sensations can enter into intero-exteroceptive associations.
  • To explore the formation of associations between respiratory sensations and external stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy participants underwent an interoceptive conditioning paradigm.
  • A mild respiratory resistance (interoceptive conditioned stimulus, CS) was paired with an electrocutaneous stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US) in the experimental group.
  • Control group received unpaired stimuli; US-expectancy, skin conductance responses (SCR), and eyeblink startle EMG measured associative learning.

Main Results:

  • The experimental group showed increased US-expectancy during the CS compared to the control group and extinction phase.
  • Skin conductance responses to the CS significantly increased across acquisition only in the experimental group.
  • Eyeblink startle data did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions:

  • Interoceptive sensations can indeed become associated with exteroceptive events.
  • This finding expands our understanding of associative learning and the interplay between internal states and external stimuli.