Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...

Viral Structure

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Modeling quantifies in vivo neutralization, Fc-mediated killing, and resistance in human clinical trials of five anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Towards modeling phage therapy.

PLoS computational biology·2026

Same author

INHERITANCE OF INTRACELLULAR VIRAL RNA IN A MULTISCALE MODEL OF HEPATITIS C INFECTION.

SIAM journal on applied mathematics·2026

Same author

AZD5582 robustly reactivates latently infected cells and clears the majority of those reactivated from the SIV reservoir.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Bemnifosbuvir: An HCV NS5B Inhibitor With Multiple Modes of Action.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026

Same author

Multimodal data integration to determine viral and innate immune kinetics in human airway epithelium.

PLoS computational biology·2026

Same journal

Dengue Virus Evasion of Host Innate Immunity.

Annual review of virology·2026

Same journal

Geminivirus-Induced Reprogramming of Plant Defense Mechanisms: Molecular Insights and Research Frontiers.

Annual review of virology·2026

Same journal

The Evolution of Dengue Virus in India.

Annual review of virology·2026

Same journal

Studying the Deep Evolution of Viruses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Structure Prediction.

Annual review of virology·2026

Same journal

Viral Pleomorphism: How Virion Structure Guides Infection and Adaptation.

Annual review of virology·2026

Same journal

Targeting Herpesvirus Recombination Proteins for Antiviral Therapy.

Annual review of virology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Published on: April 9, 2017

Modeling Viral Spread.

Frederik Graw¹, Alan S Perelson²

¹Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Annual Review of Virology

|September 13, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding viral spread is key. This review explores how mathematical modeling combined with experimental data quantifies viral transmission modes, like cell-to-cell versus cell-free spread, to better understand infection dynamics.

Keywords:

HCV HIV agent-based models cell-free virus infection cell-to-cell infection mathematical modeling

More Related Videos

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Published on: September 27, 2014

Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro

Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro

Published on: June 6, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Published on: April 9, 2017

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Published on: September 27, 2014

Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro

Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

Virology
Mathematical Biology
Systems Biology

Background:

Viral infection spread within hosts is complex and not fully understood.
Viruses like HIV-1 and HCV use diverse strategies, including direct cell-to-cell and cell-free transmission.
The in vivo prevalence of these transmission modes remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in combining experimental data with mathematical modeling to quantify viral transmission modes.
To discuss the challenges in achieving a systems-level understanding of viral spread.
To highlight the potential and hurdles of emerging experimental techniques in virology.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature integrating experimental virology data with mathematical modeling approaches.
Analysis of quantitative methods for determining and differentiating viral transmission routes.
Discussion of systems biology principles applied to viral spread dynamics.

Main Results:

Mathematical modeling is crucial for quantitative insights into viral spread, complementing experimental data.
Recent studies show progress in distinguishing and quantifying cell-to-cell versus cell-free viral transmission.
Integration of diverse data types is essential for a comprehensive understanding.

Conclusions:

Combining experimental data and mathematical modeling offers a powerful approach to elucidate viral transmission modes.
Significant challenges remain in achieving a systems-level view of viral spread.
Novel experimental techniques and data integration hold promise for future breakthroughs in understanding viral pathogenesis.