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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
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Cholinergic and serotonergic modulation of visual information processing in monkey V1.

Satoshi Shimegi1, Akihiro Kimura2, Akinori Sato3

  • 1Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.

Journal of Physiology, Paris
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Serotonergic and cholinergic systems modulate visual processing in the primate brain. These systems use distinct mechanisms to control neural responses, optimizing information flow in the primary visual cortex (V1).

Keywords:
Contrast sensitivityContrast-response functionGain controlMonkeyNeuromodulatorsPrimary visual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Brain function is dynamically modulated by behavioral state and context.
  • Cholinergic and monoaminergic systems are key modulators of brain function.
  • The primary visual cortex (V1) in macaque monkeys exhibits a complex laminar structure crucial for visual processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare the roles of serotonergic and cholinergic systems in optimizing visual information processing in V1.
  • To examine the anatomical and electrophysiological similarities and distinctions between these two neuromodulatory systems.
  • To understand how these systems influence signal transformation and gain control within V1's laminar structure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical studies on axonal innervation and receptor distribution.
  • Analysis of in vivo electrophysiological data from macaque V1.
  • Examination of receptor subtype-specific modulation of neuronal responses.

Main Results:

  • Serotonergic and cholinergic systems share similar layer biases for innervation and receptor distribution, targeting geniculorecipient layers.
  • Both systems provide activity-dependent response gain control across V1 layers.
  • Serotonergic receptors (5-HT1B, 5HT2A) offer bi-directional gain control, while cholinergic receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic) provide mono-directional control with varied effects.

Conclusions:

  • The distinct yet complementary actions of serotonergic and cholinergic systems contribute to optimizing hierarchical visual signal processing in V1.
  • Understanding these neuromodulatory mechanisms is vital for comprehending visual information processing in the primate brain.
  • The laminar organization of V1 is critical for the precise implementation of gain control by these neuromodulators.