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Related Experiment Videos

A two-stage extraction procedure for insensitive munition (IM) explosive compounds in soils.

Deborah Felt1, Luke Gurtowski1, Catherine C Nestler2

  • 1U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.

Chemosphere
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

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A new two-stage extraction method effectively recovers insensitive munitions (IMs) compounds like DNAN, NQ, and NTO from soil. This method ensures high recovery rates across various soil types, meeting environmental risk criteria.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Munitions Science

Background:

  • The Department of Defense (DoD) is developing insensitive munitions (IMs) using compounds like 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and nitrotriazolone (NTO).
  • The environmental interaction of these IM compounds with soil necessitates robust analytical methods for their detection and quantification.
  • The unique chemical properties of IM compounds pose challenges for traditional soil extraction techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel two-stage extraction procedure for accurately determining IM compounds in various soil matrices.
  • To assess the efficiency and reliability of the developed method in recovering DNAN, NQ, and NTO from environmentally relevant soil samples.
  • To establish method detection limits (MDLs) and compare them against established risk-based screening levels.
Keywords:
ClayDNANInsensitive munitions (IM)MethodNQNTONitramine munitionsNitroaromatic munitionsRDXSandy claySiltSoil extractionTNT

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Main Methods:

  • A two-stage extraction procedure was designed, incorporating both an acidified and an organic phase to address the chemical characteristics of IM compounds.
  • The method was tested on multiple soil types spiked with known concentrations of DNAN, NQ, and NTO.
  • Ultraviolet (UV) analysis was employed, including establishing an isosbestic point for nitrotriazolone (NTO) at 341 nm under varied pH conditions.

Main Results:

  • The two-stage extraction method achieved method detection limits (MDLs) below 5 mg/kg for all tested IM compounds across all soil types.
  • Average recovery rates for each IM compound in each soil type consistently exceeded 85% at environmentally relevant concentrations.
  • The extraction method demonstrated reduced sensitivity to variations in soil composition, enhancing the consistency of IM compound recovery.

Conclusions:

  • The developed two-stage extraction procedure is effective for quantifying insensitive munitions compounds in soil, meeting stringent environmental criteria.
  • This method provides reliable and consistent recovery of DNAN, NQ, and NTO, regardless of soil matrix complexity.
  • The procedure's applicability to traditional munition compounds suggests its utility in assessing sites contaminated with mixed munition types.