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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Dimensions of Health and Illness01:21

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The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.
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Concepts of Health and Illness01:29

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Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
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The Long-Term Conditions Questionnaire: conceptual framework and item development.

Michele Peters1, Caroline M Potter1, Laura Kelly1

  • 1Health Services Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford.

Patient Related Outcome Measures
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study refined a conceptual framework and developed 23 items for the Long-Term Conditions Questionnaire. This patient-reported outcome measure captures key issues for individuals managing chronic health conditions.

Keywords:
conceptual frameworklong-term conditionspatient-reported outcome measurequalitative interviews

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes
  • Chronic Disease Management

Background:

  • Long-term conditions significantly impact individuals' lives.
  • Existing measures may not fully capture the patient experience.
  • A refined conceptual framework is needed for developing comprehensive patient-reported outcome measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key issues for individuals living with long-term conditions.
  • To refine a conceptual framework for patient-reported outcome measure (PROMs) development.
  • To inform the item generation for a new PROM for long-term conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 participants with at least one long-term condition.
  • Thematic analysis of interview transcripts refined a conceptual framework based on literature reviews and stakeholder input.
  • This process guided the development of candidate items for a new measure.

Main Results:

  • Three core concepts emerged: impact of long-term conditions, service/support experiences, and self-care.
  • A refined conceptual framework led to the development of 23 candidate items.
  • These items form the initial draft of the Long-Term Conditions Questionnaire.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully refined a conceptual framework and developed initial items for a PROM for long-term conditions.
  • Key themes identified through qualitative interviews are foundational for assessing outcomes in chronic illness.
  • The developed items will undergo cognitive testing and further validation.