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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Reprogramming of germ cells into pluripotency.

Yoichi Sekita1, Toshinobu Nakamura1, Tohru Kimura1

  • 1Yoichi Sekita, Tohru Kimura, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.

World Journal of Stem Cells
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) can revert to a pluripotent state, forming tumors or stem cells. Understanding their regulation is key to germ cell development and cancer.

Keywords:
Embryonic germ cellGeneGerm cell tumorInduced pluripotent stem cellPrimordial germ cellReprogrammingSignalSmall molecule compoundTranscription factor

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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the foundational cells for all gametes.
  • Despite restricted developmental potential, PGCs can be reprogrammed into pluripotent states.
  • PGCs are implicated in germ cell tumors like teratomas and in vitro embryonic germ cell formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on regulatory mechanisms governing germ cell differentiation and de-differentiation.
  • To explore the role of signaling pathways, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional controls.
  • To connect these regulatory processes to germ cell reprogramming and human germ cell tumor pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of transcriptional controls.
  • Examination of post-transcriptional controls.

Main Results:

  • Identified key signaling pathways regulating germ cell fate.
  • Highlighted transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms controlling differentiation and de-differentiation.
  • Established parallels between germ cell reprogramming and somatic cell reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory processes in germ cells are crucial for development and reprogramming.
  • These mechanisms are relevant to understanding the origins of human germ cell tumors.
  • Further research into these controls can inform therapeutic strategies.