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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...

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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis in Children.

Priya R Ambaram¹, Udai K Kala, Karen L Petersen

¹From the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

|September 14, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis, a severe kidney infection with gas formation, is rare in children. This report details two new pediatric cases, adding to the limited global understanding of this condition.

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Area of Science:

Urology
Infectious Diseases
Pediatric Nephrology

Background:

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare, life-threatening necrotizing renal infection.
Characterized by gas within the kidney parenchyma, collecting system, or perinephric tissues.
EPN predominantly affects adults with diabetes mellitus.

Observation:

This study presents two pediatric cases of EPN.
Cases were managed at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.
This adds to the four previously reported pediatric cases worldwide.

Findings:

The two pediatric cases highlight the occurrence of EPN in a young population.
Management and outcomes of these cases contribute to the limited data on pediatric EPN.
This expands the known case count of EPN in children to six.

Implications:

Increased awareness of EPN in pediatric populations is warranted.
Further research into the specific risk factors and optimal management strategies for pediatric EPN is needed.
These cases underscore the importance of considering EPN in children presenting with severe urinary tract infections.