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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

1.4K
At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
1.4K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

4.2K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
4.2K
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

1.8K
The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
1.8K
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

16.8K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
16.8K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

20.6K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
20.6K
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

8.1K
Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Heptagraphene: Tunable Dirac Cones in a Graphitic Structure.

Alejandro Lopez-Bezanilla1, Ivar Martin1, Peter B Littlewood1,2

  • 1Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States.

Scientific Reports
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers predict heptagraphene, a novel carbon allotrope, exhibiting unique electronic properties. This new graphitic structure shows potential for tunable electronic band gaps through controlled strain and modifications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene and its derivatives are extensively studied for their unique electronic properties.
  • Exploring novel carbon allotropes is crucial for advancing materials science and electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict the existence and investigate the dynamical stability of a new graphitic structure, termed heptagraphene.
  • To analyze the electronic band structure and strain-dependent behavior of heptagraphene.

Main Methods:

  • Density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations were employed to study heptagraphene's stability and electronic properties.
  • Tight-binding (TB) framework was utilized to understand the electronic behavior and its relation to symmetry breaking.

Main Results:

  • Heptagraphene, featuring 10-atom rings bridged by carbene groups, was predicted to be dynamically stable.
  • The band structure of heptagraphene is topologically equivalent to distorted graphene, exhibiting robust Dirac cones under biaxial strain.
  • Shear strain induces a band gap, and high deformations lead to bond reconstructions with altered electronic band arrangements.

Conclusions:

  • Heptagraphene presents a novel carbon allotrope with tunable electronic band gaps.
  • Symmetry breaking within the heptagraphene unit cell is key to its electronic properties and band gap opening.
  • This study opens avenues for designing carbon-based materials with tailored electronic characteristics.