Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

8.0K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
8.0K
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

6.1K
Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
6.1K
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

51.0K
In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
51.0K
Infection01:20

Infection

13.8K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
13.8K
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

65.6K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
65.6K
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.6K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Paying upfront: successful initial infections protect against severe future infections.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Pathogen priming alters host transmission potential and predictors of transmissibility in a wild songbird species.

mSphere·2025
Same author

An adaptable research platform for ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion of the liver.

International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery·2023
Same author

Evaluation of A Novel Organ Perfusion Research Platform.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2022
Same author

Conditions affecting the timing and magnitude of Hendra virus shedding across pteropodid bat populations in Australia.

Epidemiology and infection·2017
Same author

Effects of pathogen exposure on life-history variation in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar).

Journal of evolutionary biology·2015
Same journal

From head to tail: does habitat use drive morphological variation in snakes?

Journal of evolutionary biology·2026
Same journal

Plant hormone manipulation impacts salt spray tolerance, which preempts herbivory as a driver of local adaptation in the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2026
Same journal

Influence of the resource acquisition-allocation Y-model's parameters on the detection of phenotypic trade-offs.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2026
Same journal

Chromosomal inversions may assist acute salinity and temperature adaptation in Atlantic cod eggs.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2026
Same journal

Quantitative genetics of shy-bold behaviour and plastic response to novel predator cues in the cherry shrimp, Neocaridina davidi.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2026
Same journal

Do interactions between different Selfish Genetic Elements matter?

Journal of evolutionary biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis
13:00

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Published on: December 11, 2012

33.6K

Genotype-by-genotype interactions between an insect and its pathogen.

A I Hudson1, A E Fleming-Davies1, D J Páez1

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genotype-by-genotype interactions were found in gypsy moths and baculovirus. This study provides evidence for these complex host-pathogen genetic interactions, crucial for coevolutionary dynamics.

Keywords:
LdNPVbaculovirusgenotype × genotype interactionsgypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)host-pathogen specificity

More Related Videos

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster
09:32

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: May 31, 2018

12.6K
Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol
03:16

Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol

Published on: October 19, 2021

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis
13:00

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Published on: December 11, 2012

33.6K
Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster
09:32

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: May 31, 2018

12.6K
Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol
03:16

Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol

Published on: October 19, 2021

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Genotype-by-genotype (G×G) interactions are critical for host-parasite coevolution.
  • These interactions, where specific host and pathogen genotypes influence infection outcomes, are sparsely documented in animal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate G×G interactions in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and its associated baculovirus.
  • To provide empirical evidence for G×G effects in a natural host-pathogen system.

Main Methods:

  • Infected 21 gypsy moth families with 16 baculovirus isolates.
  • Measured infection rates and calculated between-isolate correlations across host families.

Main Results:

  • Significant variation in baculovirus infectiousness and gypsy moth susceptibility was observed.
  • Between-isolate infection rate correlations were consistently below one, indicating non-additive G×G effects.
  • Empirical data align with mathematical models predicting increased pathogen polymorphism due to G×G interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The gypsy moth-baculovirus system exhibits significant G×G interactions.
  • These findings support the role of G×G interactions in driving host-parasite coevolution and pathogen diversity.