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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Cognitive control network anatomy correlates with neurocognitive behavior: A longitudinal study.

Isabella A Breukelaar1, Cassandra Antees1, Stuart M Grieve1,2,3

  • 1Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.

Human Brain Mapping
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Gray matter volume decreases in the cognitive control network correlate with enhanced executive functions and information processing. These age-independent changes suggest synaptic pruning aids cognitive development.

Keywords:
brain networksexecutive function cognitiongray matter volumelongitudinalneurodevelopmentsMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cognitive control relies on executive functions guided by a network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and dorsal parietal cortex (DPC).
  • The developmental trajectory of gray matter structure within this network and its behavioral impact remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in gray matter volume within the cognitive control network.
  • To examine the association between structural changes and cognitive performance across neurodevelopment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized structural MRI scans from 176 participants (aged 8-38 years), with 111 undergoing a 2-year longitudinal follow-up.
  • Assessed cognitive performance using a battery of tests measuring executive function, information processing, and emotion identification at both time points.
  • Analyzed gray matter volume changes in key nodes of the cognitive control network (DLPFC, dACC, DPC).

Main Results:

  • Decreased gray matter volume in the cognitive control network was significantly associated with improved performance in executive function (left DLPFC, bilateral DPC), information processing (bilateral dACC, right DPC), and emotion identification (left DLPFC), independent of age.
  • Observed coordinated gray matter changes across the network.
  • Findings suggest age-independent synaptic pruning contributes to cognitive improvements.

Conclusions:

  • Structural maturation within the cognitive control network, characterized by gray matter reduction, is linked to enhanced cognitive abilities during neurodevelopment.
  • These findings highlight the role of synaptic pruning in cognitive development and offer a normative basis for understanding cognitive dysfunction in brain disorders.