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Viruses infecting archaea, like Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1), bud from the host cell membrane, similar to eukaryotic viruses. This process involves novel intermediate structures and raises questions about archaeal membrane scission.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Viruses infecting archaea often possess lipid envelopes, yet their assembly and release mechanisms are poorly understood.
  • Eukaryotic enveloped viruses utilize diverse strategies for morphogenesis and egress, often involving membrane budding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the morphogenesis and egress of Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1), a representative archaeal virus.
  • To compare the viral replication strategy in archaea with that of enveloped eukaryotic viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Dual-axis electron tomography (ET) was employed to visualize the intricate process of SSV1 assembly and release.
  • Comparative analysis with known mechanisms of enveloped eukaryotic virus egress was performed.

Main Results:

  • SSV1 assembly and egress occur concurrently at the archaeal cytoplasmic membrane, resembling eukaryotic viral budding.
  • Novel rod-shaped intermediate structures were observed, acquiring their envelope from the host membrane.
  • Maturation into spindle-shaped virions and ring-like structures suggest similarities to ESCRT-mediated scission in eukaryotes.

Conclusions:

  • Archaeal spindle-shaped viruses acquire lipid envelopes through a budding process analogous to that of enveloped eukaryotic viruses.
  • The findings highlight conserved mechanisms in viral egress across different domains of life.
  • Further research is needed to understand the molecular basis of membrane scission in archaea during viral exit.