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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

The association between cognitive function and subsequent depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

M A Scult¹, A R Paulli¹, E S Mazure²

¹Department of Psychology & Neuroscience,Duke University,Durham, NC,USA.

Psychological Medicine

|September 15, 2016

Summary

Cognitive deficits may not predict major depressive disorder (MDD) onset. Instead, current depression symptoms likely impair cognitive function, suggesting cognitive issues are a consequence, not a cause, of MDD.

Keywords:

Cognitive function depression intelligence longitudinal premorbid risk

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Cognitive Psychology

Background:

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with cognitive deficits.
It remains unclear if these deficits precede MDD onset or predict illness severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and meta-analyze longitudinal data.
To determine if cognitive function predicts later MDD diagnosis or symptom changes.

Main Methods:

Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Inclusion of studies with baseline cognitive measures and subsequent MDD assessment.
Analysis of 29 publications, 34 samples, and 121,749 participants.

Main Results:

A small association was found between higher cognitive function and decreased subsequent depression (r = -0.088, p < 0.001).
Sensitivity analyses indicated this association was confounded by concurrent depression symptoms.
The link between cognitive function and depression appears to be influenced by current mood state.

Conclusions:

Cognitive deficits may not be reliable predictors of future MDD.
Subclinical depression symptoms likely impact cognitive performance, rather than cognitive deficits being premorbid risk factors.
The relationship between cognition and depression is complex and potentially bidirectional or influenced by current symptomology.