Apoptosis in Porcine Pluripotent Cells: From ICM to iPSCs

Pigs have great potential to provide preclinical models for human disease in translational research because of their similarities with humans. In this regard, porcine pluripotent cells, which are able to differentiate into cells of all three primary germ layers, might be a suitable animal model for further development of regenerative medicine. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge on apoptosis in pluripotent cells including inner cell mass (ICM), epiblast, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Information is focused on the apoptotic phenomenon in pluripotency, maintenance, and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and reprogramming of somatic cells in pigs. Additionally, this review examines the multiple roles of apoptosis and summarizes recent progress in porcine pluripotent cells.