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Intermittency and velocity fluctuations in hopper flows prone to clogging.

C C Thomas1, D J Durian1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA.

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Granular media flow in hoppers does not have a critical outlet size to prevent clogging. Clogging is always possible, and flow intermittency depends on grain exit speed, supporting existing models.

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Area of Science:

  • Experimental physics
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Granular materials science

Background:

  • Granular media discharging from hoppers often exhibit a critical outlet size (D_c) above which clogging is presumed to cease.
  • Understanding the dynamics of granular flow and clogging is crucial for various industrial processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the dynamics of granular media in a discharging hopper.
  • To determine if a critical outlet size (D_c) exists and to analyze flow behavior for D < D_c and D > D_c.
  • To characterize velocity distributions and temporal intermittency in granular flow.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of granular media flow in a discharging hopper.
  • Measurement of time-averaged velocity distributions and temporal intermittency.
  • Characterization of vertical velocity distributions using standard deviation and skewness.
  • Quantification of intermittency using the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (D_KS) statistic.

Main Results:

  • No discontinuity or kink was observed in velocity distribution measures or intermittency as a function of outlet size.
  • The findings suggest that a well-defined critical outlet size (D_c) does not exist, and clogging remains a possibility regardless of outlet size.
  • The intermittency time scale is dictated by the speed of grains exiting the hopper.

Conclusions:

  • The absence of a critical outlet size implies that granular hopper flow clogging is always possible.
  • The exit grain speed is a key factor in setting the intermittency time scale.
  • Results align with models where clogging arises from independent sampling of stable exit configurations.