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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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SpermBase: A Database for Sperm-Borne RNA Contents.

Andrew Schuster, Chong Tang, Yeming Xie

    Biology of Reproduction
    |September 16, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed a standardized method for isolating sperm-borne RNAs, enabling the creation of SpermBase, a database for cross-species RNA analysis. This database reveals conserved RNA species crucial for early development.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Biology
    • Genetics
    • Bioinformatics

    Background:

    • Sperm-borne RNAs are implicated in crucial biological processes like development and inheritance.
    • Current methods for isolating and analyzing sperm RNAs lack standardization, hindering cross-species comparisons.
    • The diversity and functional significance of sperm RNAs across species remain incompletely understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a standardized RNA isolation protocol for sperm applicable across multiple species.
    • To establish a comprehensive database (SpermBase) for sperm-borne RNA profiling.
    • To investigate conserved features and potential functions of sperm-borne RNAs across species.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a simple, species-agnostic RNA isolation technique for sperm.
    • RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of large and small RNAs from mouse, rat, rabbit, and human sperm.
    • Creation and population of the SpermBase database with expression data.

    Main Results:

    • A novel, standardized method for sperm RNA isolation was successfully developed and validated.
    • SpermBase was established, featuring large and small RNA expression data for four species.
    • Analysis revealed conserved RNA species across species, with small RNAs like tsRNAs and miRNAs targeting key developmental genes.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method facilitates reliable interspecies comparisons of sperm RNA content.
    • SpermBase serves as a valuable resource for studying sperm-borne RNA biology.
    • Conserved sperm RNAs, particularly tsRNAs and miRNAs, play significant roles in early development.