Technological disaster--survival and bereavement

Differences between natural and man-made disaster are described, deleterious psychological effects of technological components catastrophe appearing to be longer lasting. The psychological components of the experience of survival are outlined, and the concept of post-traumatic stress disorder located within this. Bereavement reactions, complicated by enhancement of the factors accompanying sudden, violent death, are also described, and risk factors noted. Finally, the development of community-based preventative mental health programmes which are acceptable to victims are detailed, emphasising restoration of the victims' sense of control over their own lives and the value of self-help. The role of counselling and specialist treatment is placed in this context.