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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

703
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
703
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

535
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
535
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

308
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
308
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

521
Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
521
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

393
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
393
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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An Increase Incidence in Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: Changing Patterns.

Asha Kumari1, Sumit Dokwal2, Pawan Mittal3

  • 1Demonstrator, Department of Biochemistry, PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India .

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR
|September 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found a higher prevalence of uric acid and mixed kidney stones than previously reported in North India. Biochemical analysis of renal stones is recommended for all patients.

Keywords:
OxalatePCNLParadigm shift in renal stonesRenal stonesStone composition

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a global health issue with increasing incidence and recurrence.
  • Understanding the composition of kidney stones is crucial for effective management and prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of different renal stone types.
  • To analyze stone composition in patients undergoing Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrieved renal stones from 50 patients undergoing PCNL, Ureterorenoscopy (URS), or open surgery.
  • Performed qualitative analysis for calcium, oxalate, uric acid, phosphate, and other ions.

Main Results:

  • Uric acid and mixed stones were more prevalent than expected.
  • Calcium oxalate stones (9), uric acid stones (9), and mixed stones (32) were identified.
  • Calcium was present in 41 stones; oxalate in 25 mixed stones, uric acid in 17, and phosphate in 23.

Conclusions:

  • The study observed a higher prevalence of uric acid and mixed stones compared to prior North Indian studies.
  • Biochemical analysis of renal stones is essential for all cases.
  • Findings suggest a need to re-evaluate regional stone composition trends.