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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Pharmaceutical products contain more than just the active drug; they also contain various excipients such as binders, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, and other elements. In some cases, impurities or contaminants might be present. Traditionally, quality control in pharmaceuticals has primarily focused on the analysis of the active drug, often overlooking the impact of these additional components. The recent issue with heparin contamination by over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a...
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Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

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As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
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Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
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Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
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Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy in Greece: Toward a Different Path.

Kyriakos Souliotis1, Manto Papageorgiou2, Anastasia Politi3

  • 1Department of Social and Education Policy, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece; Centre for Health Services Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Frontiers in Public Health
|September 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Flexible pharmaceutical pricing models that consider income and affordability offer fairer results and lower external costs. Using smaller sets of reference countries in external reference pricing (ERP) enhances system flexibility and market transparency.

Keywords:
GDPGreeceaffordabilityexternal reference pricinginsurance pricereimbursement

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Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Pharmaceutical Policy
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Sustainable health systems require affordable, accessible, and innovative pharmaceutical care.
  • External reference pricing (ERP) is a common European pharmaceutical policy.
  • Current ERP models have weaknesses causing market distortions, care barriers, and ethical concerns, disproportionately affecting weaker economies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the influence of flexible and adaptable external reference pricing (ERP) structures on health systems' affordability.
  • To assess deviations from Greek prices and the effects on pharmaceutical markets within the European ERP system.

Main Methods:

  • A non-randomized experimental design was employed.
  • Outcomes were evaluated by measuring deviations from established price levels (ex ante).
  • Impacts on pharmaceutical markets integrated into the European ERP framework were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Pharmaceutical pricing models aligning prices with income and affordability yield superior outcomes.
  • These adaptive models result in fairer pricing and reduced external costs for the European ERP network.
  • Smaller reference country sets in ERP provide comparable results to larger baskets.

Conclusions:

  • Models that adapt pharmaceutical prices to income and affordability are preferable for fairness and efficiency.
  • Smaller sets of reference countries improve ERP system flexibility and market transparency.
  • Flexible pharmaceutical pricing strategies contribute to more equitable and sustainable healthcare systems.