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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.9K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.9K
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

2.6K
The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
2.6K
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

2.3K
Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak...
2.3K
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

2.7K
Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
2.7K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

2.6K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
2.6K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.7K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

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Radicals: Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential.

Ming Yan1, Julian C Lo1, Jacob T Edwards1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Free radical chemistry offers practical and selective methods for synthesizing molecules. These reactive intermediates are vital for advancements in drug discovery, agrochemistry, and material science, benefiting humankind.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Free Radical Chemistry

Background:

  • Free radical chemistry has a rich history.
  • Recent developments have expanded its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the defining characteristics of free radical chemistry.
  • To highlight its practical applications and translational potential.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of historical context.
  • Review of laboratory studies and recent developments.

Main Results:

  • Free radical reactions provide practical and chemoselective routes to molecules.
  • These reactions are applicable across diverse scientific disciplines.

Conclusions:

  • Free radical chemistry is a powerful tool for scientific advancement.
  • Its applications expedite endeavors in drug discovery, agrochemistry, and material science for societal benefit.