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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

35
In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
35
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
5.6K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

31.5K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

49.4K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
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Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

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Determining crystal structures through crowdsourcing and coursework.

Scott Horowitz1,2, Brian Koepnick3, Raoul Martin1,4

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

Nature Communications
|September 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computer game players can build high-quality crystal structures using the Foldit game. A Foldit player team achieved the most accurate protein structure in a competition, demonstrating crowdsourcing

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • X-ray crystallography is a key method for determining protein structures.
  • Manual interpretation of electron density maps can be time-consuming and complex.
  • Crowdsourcing offers a potential avenue for accelerating structure determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of crowdsourcing via the Foldit game for crystallographic model building.
  • To compare the performance of Foldit players against experts and algorithms in structure determination.
  • To identify novel protein structures and functions through citizen science initiatives.

Main Methods:

  • A new real-space refinement feature was introduced into the Foldit game.
  • A model-building competition was conducted involving trained crystallographers, students, Foldit players, and algorithms.
  • Protein structures were built and refined into electron density maps.
  • The accuracy of the generated models was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Foldit players successfully built high-quality crystal structures.
  • A team of Foldit players produced the most accurate protein structure after removing disordered residues.
  • Analysis of the target protein (YPL067C) revealed a new family of histidine triad proteins.
  • These proteins are potentially involved in preventing amyloid toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Crowdsourcing through games like Foldit can effectively interpret electron density data.
  • Citizen scientists can generate high-quality protein structure solutions.
  • This approach accelerates structure determination and can lead to new biological discoveries.