Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

6.1K
The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
6.1K
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

2.6K
Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
2.6K
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

18.6K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
18.6K
Transport Number01:31

Transport Number

87
The transport number is the fraction of the total current carried by an ion in an electrolyte solution. It is defined as the ratio of the current carried by a specific ion to the total current flowing through the solution. The transport number, t, is central to understanding ionic mobility, which describes how fast an ion moves under the influence of an electric field. This link connects the physical behavior of ions in solution to the chemical processes that occur during electrochemical...
87
Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

72.9K
Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
72.9K
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

1.8K
The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A covalency-electrostatics crossover sets the threshold of eleven water molecules for HF dissociation.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Cluster Anions of Hydrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: "Magic" Water Tetramer.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026
Same author

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function in older adults.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Photoionization of temperature-controlled nanoparticles in a beam: Accurate and efficient determination of ionization energies and work functions.

The Review of scientific instruments·2025
Same author

Comparative effectiveness and pharmacological fingerprints of indobufen versus rivaroxaban in patients with chronic kidney disease: a single-center, real-world study.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2025
Same author

Stern-Gerlach deflection of cryogenically cold polyatomic molecules in superfluid nanodroplets.

The Journal of chemical physics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

11.0K

Water cluster fragmentation probed by pickup experiments.

Chuanfu Huang1, Vitaly V Kresin1, Andriy Pysanenko2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Electron ionization causes significant fragmentation in water clusters, making size determination difficult. A new method using momentum conservation reveals neutral cluster sizes are 3-5 times larger than detected ions.

More Related Videos

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

9.2K
Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

11.0K
Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

9.2K
Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Electron ionization is a standard technique for mass spectrometry of atomic and molecular clusters.
  • Cluster fragmentation during ionization hinders accurate size-resolved detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel method for determining the original neutral cluster beam population.
  • To quantify the extent of fragmentation in water (H2O) and heavy water (D2O) clusters upon electron impact.

Main Methods:

  • A new general method based on sticking collisions with a molecule from a crossed beam.
  • Measurement and comparison of velocities of neat and doped cluster ion peaks.
  • Reconstruction of neutral precursor sizes using longitudinal momentum conservation.

Main Results:

  • The method was applied to H2O and D2O clusters in the 3-10 detected ion size range.
  • Deduced neutral precursor sizes were approximately 3-5 times larger than the observed cluster ions.
  • Results align with prior beam size characterization using photoionization after Na-doping.

Conclusions:

  • Water clusters undergo significant post-ionization fragmentation upon electron impact.
  • Accurate interpretation of experimental data requires accounting for this abundant fragmentation.
  • A detailed microscopic understanding of water cluster fragmentation dynamics is currently lacking.