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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Eye movements when reading sentences with handwritten words.

Manuel Perea¹, Ana Marcet¹, Beatriz Uixera¹

¹a Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|September 17, 2016

Summary

Reading difficult handwritten words significantly increases reading costs and magnifies word frequency effects, impacting eye movement control during reading. This study highlights the importance of handwriting legibility in reading research.

Keywords:

Eye movements reading word recognition

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Reading research has historically focused on printed text, often overlooking handwritten word processing.
Lexical effects, such as the word-frequency effect, are known to influence reading speed and accuracy.
Prior studies suggest these lexical effects are amplified when encountering difficult handwritten words.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of handwriting legibility on reading processes in a more ecologically valid setting.
To compare eye movement patterns when reading handwritten versus printed sentences.
To determine how word frequency effects manifest across different levels of handwriting legibility.

Main Methods:

Participants' eye movements were recorded while they read sentences.
Sentences were presented in three conditions: easy handwriting, difficult handwriting, and standard print.
Reading costs and lexical effects were analyzed based on eye-tracking metrics.

Main Results:

Sentences with difficult handwriting incurred a greater reading cost than those with easy handwriting.
Easy handwriting also resulted in a higher reading cost compared to printed sentences.
The word-frequency effect was significantly larger for difficult handwritten words, particularly in total fixation time.

Conclusions:

Handwriting legibility critically influences reading efficiency and the manifestation of lexical effects.
Difficult handwriting imposes a substantial processing load, exacerbating word frequency influences.
Findings necessitate refining models of reading and eye movement control to account for handwriting variations.