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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Drag01:23

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Drag is a resistive force opposing an object’s motion through a fluid, resulting from surface pressure and shear forces. It comprises two components: a perpendicular one from pressure and a tangential one from shear stress. Accurate drag calculations use pressure and wall shear stress distributions, often determined through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) or wind tunnel testing. The drag coefficient, a dimensionless measure, depends on factors like shape, Reynolds number, Mach number,...
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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Bubble Drag Reduction Requires Large Bubbles.

Ruben A Verschoof1, Roeland C A van der Veen1, Chao Sun1,2

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, MESA+ institute and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 5 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

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Air bubble injection reduces ship fuel consumption, but drag reduction depends on bubble size. Surfactants create smaller bubbles, significantly decreasing drag reduction, highlighting bubble deformability

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Maritime engineering
  • Surface chemistry

Background:

  • Air bubble injection is a promising method for reducing fuel consumption in the maritime industry.
  • The precise mechanism of drag reduction by bubbles in turbulent flow remains unclear.
  • Bubble size is hypothesized to play a critical role in the efficacy of drag reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of bubble size on drag reduction in turbulent flow.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of bubble-mediated drag reduction.
  • To determine the importance of bubble deformability in drag reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted using a turbulent Taylor-Couette flow system.
  • Minute concentrations (6 ppm) of the surfactant Triton X-100 were introduced.
  • Bubble size was controlled by preventing bubble coalescence using the surfactant.

Main Results:

  • Drag reduction decreased dramatically from over 40% to approximately 4% with surfactant addition.
  • The reduced drag reduction correlated with smaller bubble sizes due to inhibited coalescence.
  • The effect of bubbles on fluid density and viscosity was found to be trivial.

Conclusions:

  • Bubble deformability is a critical factor for achieving significant drag reduction in turbulent flows.
  • Controlling bubble size through surfactants can drastically alter drag reduction efficiency.
  • These findings pave the way for optimizing air bubble injection techniques for fuel saving in maritime applications.