[Urolithiasis 2016 : Reliable, effective and low radiation exposure]

Area of Science:

• Radiology
• Urology

Background:

• Urolithiasis (kidney stones) is a common condition.
• Diagnostic imaging is crucial for evaluating and managing kidney stones.
• Imaging provides details on stone characteristics to guide treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review established and emerging diagnostic imaging modalities for urolithiasis.
• To provide guidance based on current literature and clinical guidelines.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of current guidelines.
• Evaluation of diagnostic imaging techniques for suspected urolithiasis.

Main Results:

• Ultrasound is recommended as the initial imaging modality.
• Noncontrast computed tomography (CT), particularly low-dose protocols, is the preferred imaging choice for acute flank pain and suspected urolithiasis.
• Emerging techniques like dual energy CT and digital tomosynthesis require further investigation; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not a first-line option.

Conclusions:

• The choice of imaging modality depends on the clinical presentation and suspected diagnosis of urolithiasis.
• Ultrasound and noncontrast CT are the current cornerstones of imaging for kidney stones.