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Related Concept Videos

Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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The Respiratory System01:16

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The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

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Linking microbiota and respiratory disease.

Matthias Hauptmann1, Ulrich E Schaible1,2

  • 1Priority Program Infections, Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Germany.

FEBS Letters
|September 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The lung harbors its own microbiota, which significantly impacts pulmonary immunity and barrier functions. Both lung and gut microbiota influence respiratory health, particularly in conditions like asthma and infections.

Keywords:
commensal bacteriaepithelial barrier functiongut-lung axismicrobiomemicrobiotapulmonary immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiome research

Background:

  • Growing evidence highlights the critical role of microbiota in lung health and disease.
  • Recent studies confirm the existence of a distinct lung microbiota.
  • The lung microbiota's influence on pulmonary immunity and epithelial barrier integrity is a key area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how lung microbial community composition affects pulmonary health.
  • To discuss factors influencing lung microbiota composition.
  • To examine the contributions of both lung and gut microbiota to respiratory conditions, focusing on asthma and infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current scientific literature on lung and gut microbiota.
  • Discussion of mechanisms by which microbiota modulate pulmonary immunity and barrier functions.
  • Analysis of the interplay between lung and gut microbiota in the context of disease.

Main Results:

  • The lung microbiota can actively shape pulmonary immune responses and epithelial barrier functions.
  • Factors influencing the composition of the lung microbial community are complex and multifactorial.
  • Both lung and gut microbiota exert significant, albeit sometimes difficult to distinguish, influences on respiratory health.

Conclusions:

  • The lung microbiota is a crucial determinant of pulmonary health.
  • Understanding the lung-gut axis is essential for comprehending respiratory diseases like asthma and infections.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of microbial influence on lung immunity and disease pathogenesis.