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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
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Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

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Physiology of central pathways.

K E Cullen1

  • 1Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The vestibular system

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vestibular System Research
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • The vestibular system, crucial for balance and spatial orientation, features simple neural circuits.
  • A key characteristic is that vestibular nuclei neurons are premotor, directly linking sensory input to motor output.
  • These nuclei also receive multimodal inputs, integrating vestibular information with other sensory and cognitive signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the neural underpinnings of vestibular reflexes.
  • To understand how multimodal inputs shape vestibular processing.
  • To elucidate the role of higher brain centers in self-motion perception.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neural circuits mediating vestibular reflexes.
  • Investigation of premotor neuron function in vestibular nuclei.
Keywords:
computationcorollary dischargeefference copymultisensorynavigationproprioceptionreference frameself-motionspatial orientation

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  • Examination of multimodal integration in the vestibular system using studies in alert animals.

    • Main Results:

    • Vestibular reflexes, like the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are mediated by relatively simple, direct pathways.
    • Vestibular nuclei neurons are premotor, receiving direct vestibular input and projecting to motor pathways.
    • Extravestibular signals significantly shape these reflexes, and higher-level interactions are vital for spatial orientation.

    Conclusions:

    • The simplicity and multimodal nature of the vestibular system facilitate efficient processing of self-motion information.
    • Integration of vestibular and extravestibular signals is essential for accurate spatial orientation and behavioral adaptation.
    • Further research into these pathways can advance our understanding of motor control and sensory perception.