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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

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Published on: April 11, 2017
The transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional foam structures
S J Cox1, D Weaire1, M Fátima Vaz2
1Department of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Abstract:
Small cells in an experimental sample of two-dimensional foam, such as that which is contained between two glass plates, may undergo a transition to a three-dimensional form, becoming detached from one boundary. We present the first detailed observations of this phenomenon, together with computer simulations. The transition is attributed to an instability of the Rayleigh-Plateau type. A theoretical analysis is given which shows that an individual cell is susceptible to this instability only if it has less than six sides.
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