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Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Orthographic processing in pigeons (Columba livia).

Damian Scarf1, Karoline Boy2, Anelisie Uber Reinert2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; damian@psy.otago.ac.nz colombo@psy.otago.ac.nz.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Summary

Pigeons can process words orthographically, demonstrating that visual systems distinct from humans can recycle ancient visual circuits. This finding suggests orthographic processing is not limited to primates but is a broader capacity of vertebrate visual systems.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Comparative Psychology
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Reading acquisition involves decoding and orthographic knowledge.
  • Orthographic processing may arise from exapted visual object recognition circuits.
  • It remains unclear if this capacity is limited to primate visual systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if non-primate vertebrates, like pigeons, exhibit orthographic processing.
  • To explore the plasticity of visual systems in processing written language.

Main Methods:

  • Pigeons were trained to discriminate between real words and nonwords.
  • Behavioral responses were analyzed to assess sensitivity to orthographic properties.
  • Tested sensitivity to bigram frequencies and word structure.

Main Results:

  • Pigeons successfully learned to discriminate words from nonwords.
  • They generalized this knowledge to identify novel words.
  • Pigeons showed sensitivity to orthographic features like bigram frequency and edit distance.

Conclusions:

  • Pigeons possess orthographic processing capabilities, similar to humans.
  • This suggests that visual word form processing can emerge from visual systems evolutionarily distant from primates.
  • The findings support the hypothesis that visual circuits can be recycled for reading-related tasks across diverse species.