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Related Concept Videos

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving01:18

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

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To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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Derivatives: Problem Solving01:26

Derivatives: Problem Solving

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Temperature-Dependent Growth of Brook TroutThe growth of brook trout is closely influenced by water temperature. Experimental data demonstrate how trout weight changes over a 24-day period in response to varying water temperatures. At lower temperatures, such as 15.5 degrees Celsius, brook trout show significant weight gain. However, as the temperature increases, the amount of weight gained steadily decreases. At the highest temperature measured, 24.4 degrees Celsius, trout experience a net...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Groundwater flow estimation using temperature-depth profiles in a complex environment and a changing climate.

Dylan J Irvine1, Barret L Kurylyk2, Ian Cartwright1

  • 1School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, GPO Box 2100, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.

The Science of the Total Environment
|September 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estimating vertical groundwater flow is crucial for resource management. This study introduces a new analytical method using temperature-depth profiles to accurately calculate groundwater recharge, even in complex environments where other methods fail.

Keywords:
GeothermicsGroundwaterHeat tracingLand use changeSurface warmingWater resources

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Environmental Science
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of vertical groundwater flow is vital for sustainable groundwater resource management.
  • Traditional methods like water table fluctuations and water chemistry are unreliable under land clearing or extraction.
  • Steady-state assumptions in temperature-depth (T-z) profile methods are inadequate for sites with land surface warming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a new analytical solution and computer program (FAST) for estimating vertical groundwater fluxes using T-z profiles.
  • To apply this method to a complex, instrumented catchment in South Australia.
  • To overcome limitations of existing analytical solutions, such as restrictive initial and boundary conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized temperature-depth (T-z) profiles from seven wells across varying elevations.
  • Incorporated mean annual air temperatures to define boundary conditions.
  • Estimated thermal properties using downhole geophysics.
  • Employed a new analytical solution (FAST) with flexible initial and boundary conditions.

Main Results:

  • Estimated vertical groundwater flux rates between 5 and 23 mm/year.
  • Obtained results comparable to those derived from chloride mass balance methods.
  • Demonstrated the applicability of T-z profiles in challenging hydrogeological settings.

Conclusions:

  • The new analytical solution (FAST) effectively estimates vertical groundwater flux using T-z profiles.
  • T-z profile analysis provides a viable alternative for estimating groundwater recharge where conventional methods are unreliable.
  • This approach is particularly valuable in complex catchments experiencing environmental changes like land surface warming.