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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Close-packed polymer crystals from two-monomer-connected precursors.

Hong-Joon Lee1, Yong-Ryun Jo1, Santosh Kumar1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea.

Nature Communications
|September 20, 2016
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Summary

Researchers developed highly crystalline polypyrrole (PPy) using two-monomer-connected precursors (TMCPs). This novel approach significantly enhances electrical conductivity, paving the way for advanced material applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Designing crystalline polymers presents significant synthetic challenges.
  • Linear polymerization often causes chain entanglements, limiting the potential of conjugated structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for synthesizing highly crystalline polymers with enhanced properties.
  • To investigate the impact of precursor structure on polymer crystallinity and conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Polymerization of two-monomer-connected precursors (TMCPs) with varying connectors.
  • Structural characterization using high-voltage electron microscopy.
  • Electrical conductivity measurements.

Main Results:

  • Achieved highly crystalline polypyrrole (PPy) with controlled crystal structures (hexagonal close-packed or face-centred cubic).
  • TMCP-based PPy exhibited electrical conductivity approximately 35 times higher than single-monomer-based PPy.
  • The crystal structure was tunable by altering the connector in the TMCP.

Conclusions:

  • Simultaneous growth of TMCPs enables the formation of close-packed polymer crystals.
  • The developed method offers a pathway to significantly improve the electrical conductivity of polypyrrole.
  • This advancement holds promise for applications in various fields requiring conductive polymers.