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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair
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Embryonically inspired scaffolds regulate tenogenically differentiating cells.

Joseph E Marturano1, Nathan R Schiele1, Zachary A Schiller1

  • 1Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, United States.

Journal of Biomechanics
|September 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered scaffolds mimicking embryonic tendon stiffness guide tenocyte differentiation. This research offers new strategies for stem cell therapies to improve tendon regeneration and reduce re-injury risks.

Keywords:
Alginate gelsElastic modulusEmbryonicTendonTissue Engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tendon injuries result in scar tissue, leading to dysfunction and re-injury.
  • Stem cell-based therapies are promising for tendon regeneration but require effective guidance cues.
  • The embryonic tendon microenvironment provides critical cues for tenogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify cues within the embryonic tendon microenvironment that guide tenogenesis.
  • To investigate the influence of embryonic mechanical properties on tenogenically differentiating cells.
  • To engineer biomimetic scaffolds that replicate embryonic tendon mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Cultured embryonic tendon progenitor cells (TPCs) within alginate gel scaffolds.
  • Fabricated scaffolds with tunable nano- and microscale moduli mimicking embryonic tendon properties.
  • Adjusted polymer concentration and crosslink density to tailor gel elastic modulus.
  • Analyzed TPC morphology and gene expression (scleraxis, collagen types I, XII, tenomodulin, collagen type III).

Main Results:

  • Alginate gel moduli were successfully tailored to match embryonic tendon properties.
  • Scaffold elastic modulus differentially regulated TPC morphology.
  • Higher moduli increased scleraxis and collagen type XII mRNA but decreased collagen type I mRNA.
  • Late tendon markers tenomodulin and collagen type III expression remained unaffected.

Conclusions:

  • Biomimetic scaffolds engineered with embryonic mechanical properties can regulate tenogenically differentiating cells.
  • This approach holds potential for developing improved stem cell therapies for tendon regeneration.
  • Understanding embryonic mechanical cues is crucial for guiding tenogenesis and enhancing tendon repair.