Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopy in Bilioenteric Anastomosis Stricture

Bilioenteric anastomosis strictures are a serious complication of biliary surgery, and often result in recurrent cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, biliary cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. Bilioenteric reconstructive surgery is the standard treatment of choice for such complications. However, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), also known as per-oral endoscopic-guided intervention, is a less invasive procedure that is becoming an increasingly popular alternative. This review describes the PTCS procedure (including the preparation process), as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic role of PTCS in bilioenteric anastomosis strictures.