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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation
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Tear fluid-eye drops compatibility assessment using surface tension.

Martina Hotujac Grgurević1, Marina Juretić2, Anita Hafner2

  • 1a Galenic Laboratory GLJZ, Galenic Laboratory , Zagreb , Croatia.

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
|September 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Most eye drops do not match the natural surface tension of the tear film, potentially impacting eye surface health. Further research is needed to link eye drop surface tension to tear film stability.

Keywords:
Surface activityophthalmic formulation developmentpreservativessolubilizing agentsthickening agents

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Ophthalmic formulations require specific quality parameters like pH and tonicity.
  • Surface tension of eye drops, crucial for eye surface function, has been less studied compared to other parameters.
  • The physiological surface tension of the tear fluid at the air interface ranges from 40-46 mN/m.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the surface tension compatibility of commercial eye drops with the tear film's physiological range.
  • To characterize the surface activity of common ophthalmic excipients under eye-relevant conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated surface tension of isotonic aqueous solutions of ophthalmic excipients.
  • Assessed surface tension compatibility of 18 approved eye drops using a surface tension method.

Main Results:

  • Ophthalmic ingredients (preservatives, solubilizers, thickeners) significantly influence final formulation surface tension.
  • Interactions among excipients in complex formulations can impact overall surface activity.
  • Of 18 eye drops, 3 were within, 12 below, and 3 above the physiological tear fluid surface tension range.

Conclusions:

  • A significant number of commercial eye drops exhibit surface tension outside the physiological tear fluid range.
  • Results suggest a need for clinical studies to explore the relationship between eye drop surface tension and tear film stability.