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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
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Teratogenicity01:07

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management01:19

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

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The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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Pregnancy and melanoma.

Marcia S Driscoll1, Kathryn Martires2, Amy Kalowitz Bieber2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
|September 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy-associated melanoma, the most common cancer in pregnant women, does not appear to have a poorer prognosis. Evidence does not support that oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy worsen melanoma outcomes.

Keywords:
hormone replacement therapymelanomaoral contraceptivespregnancyprognosisreview

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Reproductive Endocrinology

Background:

  • Malignant melanoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in pregnant women.
  • Hormonal changes during pregnancy and from exogenous sources may impact melanoma, but this is controversial.
  • Pregnancy involves immunologic shifts that could affect tumor surveillance, and some melanomas express hormone receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the prognosis of pregnancy-associated melanomas.
  • To assess the impact of hormonal influences, including pregnancy and exogenous hormones, on melanoma outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence regarding pregnancy and melanoma.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy on melanoma prognosis.

Main Results:

  • The majority of evidence indicates that pregnancy-associated melanomas do not have a worse prognosis compared to non-pregnancy-associated melanomas.
  • There is insufficient evidence to suggest that oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy negatively affect melanoma prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence does not support a poorer prognosis for melanoma during pregnancy.
  • The impact of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy on melanoma prognosis remains unsupported by evidence.