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Related Concept Videos

Insomnia01:27

Insomnia

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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
Multiple factors contribute...
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Management of Insomnia01:19

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors01:27

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
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Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
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Insomnia during pregnancy: Diagnosis and Rational Interventions.

Ali M Hashmi1, Shashi K Bhatia2, Subhash K Bhatia3

  • 1Ali M. Hashmi, MBBS, MD. Diplomate American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
|September 21, 2016
PubMed
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Sleep disturbances during pregnancy are common and can lead to adverse outcomes. Management involves non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments, with careful consideration of risks and benefits for mother and fetus.

Keywords:
InsomniaObstructive Sleep apneaPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Perinatal Health

Background:

  • Sleep disturbances, including insomnia, are prevalent in pregnant individuals.
  • These disturbances can stem from primary causes or co-morbid conditions.
  • Differential diagnoses include anxiety, mood disorders, breathing-related sleep disorders, and restless legs syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the common sleep disturbances during pregnancy.
  • To discuss the differential diagnosis and management strategies.
  • To highlight the importance of early intervention for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Keywords included: pregnancy, sleep disturbances, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Sleep disorders, and insomnia.
  • Original studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were prioritized, with a focus on recent publications.

Main Results:

  • Sleep disturbances are frequent in pregnancy and contribute to significant morbidity.
  • Management strategies encompass sleep hygiene, behavioral therapies, and pharmacotherapy.
  • The risks of pharmacotherapy, including potential teratogenicity, require careful evaluation against benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Sleep disturbances in pregnancy are common and impact maternal and fetal health.
  • Effective management necessitates a combined approach of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments.
  • Risk-benefit assessment is crucial when considering any treatment for expectant mothers and their fetuses.