A 4D biomechanical lung phantom for joint segmentation/registration evaluation

At present, there exists few openly available methods for evaluation of simultaneous segmentation and registration algorithms. These methods allow for a combination of both techniques to track the tumor in complex settings such as adaptive radiotherapy. We have produced a quality assurance platform for evaluating this specific subset of algorithms using a preserved porcine lung in such that it is multi-modality compatible: positron emission tomography (PET), computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A computer controlled respirator was constructed to pneumatically manipulate the lungs in order to replicate human breathing traces. A registration ground truth was provided using an in-house bifurcation tracking pipeline. Segmentation ground truth was provided by synthetic multi-compartment lesions to simulate biologically active tumor, background tissue and a necrotic core. The bifurcation tracking pipeline results were compared to digital deformations and used to evaluate three registration algorithms, Diffeomorphic demons, fast-symmetric forces demons and MiMVista's deformable registration tool. Three segmentation algorithms the Chan Vese level sets method, a Hybrid technique and the multi-valued level sets algorithm. The respirator was able to replicate three seperate breathing traces with a mean accuracy of 2-2.2%. Bifurcation tracking error was found to be sub-voxel when using human CT data for displacements up to 6.5 cm and approximately 1.5 voxel widths for displacements up to 3.5 cm for the porcine lungs. For the fast-symmetric, diffeomorphic and MiMvista registration algorithms, mean geometric errors were found to be [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] voxels widths respectively using the vector field differences and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] voxel widths using the bifurcation tracking pipeline. The proposed phantom was found sufficient for accurate evaluation of registration and segmentation algorithms. The use of automatically generated anatomical landmarks proposed can eliminate the time and potential innacuracy of manual landmark selection using expert observers.