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First virtual endocasts of adapiform primates.

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Early euprimates like Notharctus and Smilodectes had lower encephalization quotients (EQ) than modern primates. Despite small brains, they showed increased reliance on vision over olfaction compared to earlier forms.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Paleoneurology
  • Primate Evolution
  • Comparative Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Well-preserved Eocene crania offer insights into early euprimate neuroanatomy.
  • Notharctine adapiforms represent key early primate relatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Infer neuroanatomy and encephalization in early euprimates.
  • Compare neuroanatomical variation and encephalization quotients (EQ) among notharctines and Adapis.
  • Investigate sensory reliance (vision vs. olfaction) in early euprimates.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstructed virtual endocasts using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans.
  • Analyzed endocasts of Notharctus tenebrosus, Smilodectes gracilis, and Adapis parisiensis.
  • Predicted body masses from teeth and cranial length to calculate EQ.

Main Results:

  • Notharctus tenebrosus showed more cranial variation than Smilodectes gracilis.
  • Body mass and EQ estimates varied depending on the prediction method (teeth vs. cranial length).
  • Adapiform EQ overlapped with plesiadapiforms but was lower than extant strepsirrhines and haplorhines.
  • Endocast structures indicate a greater reliance on vision than olfaction in early euprimates.

Conclusions:

  • Early euprimates had lower encephalization than extant primates, but showed a shift towards vision-based processing.
  • Neuroanatomical similarities and differences among notharctines provide insights into early primate evolution.
  • Despite small endocranial volumes, structural changes suggest significant cognitive adaptations in early euprimates.